Azimuth
Compass direction of the module orientation in degrees -- 0° = South, -90° = East, +90° = West, +/-180° = North.
Also known as: Azimuth Angle, Orientation
What Is the Azimuth?
The azimuth (also azimuth angle) describes the horizontal orientation of a surface relative to the south direction. In photovoltaics, it indicates the compass direction the solar modules face. The convention in Germany is: 0° = South, -90° = East, +90° = West, +/-180° = North.
Impact on Yield
| Azimuth | Compass Direction | Relative Annual Yield |
|---|---|---|
| 0° | South | 100% |
| -45° / +45° | Southeast / Southwest | approx. 95% |
| -90° / +90° | East / West | approx. 85% |
| +/-135° | Northeast / Northwest | approx. 65% |
| +/-180° | North | approx. 55% |
(At an optimal roof pitch of 30°)
East-West Orientation
An east-west orientation yields less total output but has advantages:
- More even generation throughout the day (morning and evening)
- Better self-consumption without storage
- More modules possible on flat roofs (less self-shading)
- Flatter power profile better matches the consumption pattern
Practical Tip
The orientation of the roof is fixed and should not be overvalued. Even a pure east or west orientation still delivers about 85% of the south-facing yield. Only a pure north orientation is problematic. In case of doubt, a PVGIS simulation provides clarity.
Related Terms
Roof Pitch
Angle of the roof relative to the horizontal -- affects solar yield and optimal module orientation.
Global Irradiance
Total solar radiation hitting a horizontal surface -- the sum of direct and diffuse radiation.
PVGIS
Free EU online tool for calculating solar yields based on location, orientation, and tilt angle.
Tilt Mounting
Mounting system that positions solar modules at an optimal tilt angle on flat roofs or open ground.