Solar Module
Assembly of multiple solar cells in a weatherproof housing for generating electricity from sunlight.
Also known as: PV Module, Photovoltaic Module, Solar Panel
What Is a Solar Module?
A solar module consists of multiple interconnected solar cells housed in a robust aluminium frame behind specialty glass. It is the fundamental building unit of a photovoltaic system and generates electrical direct current when exposed to light.
Structure
A typical solar module consists from top to bottom of:
- Solar glass (tempered, light-transmitting)
- Encapsulant film (EVA or POE)
- Solar cells (connected in series and parallel)
- Encapsulant film
- Backsheet or glass (for glass-glass modules)
- Aluminium frame and junction box with bypass diodes
Typical Specifications of Current Modules
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Power | 400—450 Wp |
| Efficiency | 20—23% |
| Dimensions | approx. 1.7 x 1.1 m |
| Weight | 20—25 kg |
| Warranty (performance) | 25—30 years |
| Degradation per year | approx. 0.3—0.5% |
Practical Tip
When selecting modules, consider not only efficiency but also temperature behaviour (temperature coefficient), performance warranty, and mechanical load capacity (wind and snow loads). Glass-glass modules offer a longer lifespan but are heavier.
Related Terms
Solar Cell
Semiconductor device that converts sunlight directly into electrical current through the photoelectric effect.
kWp (Kilowatt Peak)
Unit for the maximum power output of a solar module or PV system under Standard Test Conditions (STC).
Efficiency
Ratio of usable electrical energy to incident solar energy -- indicates the effectiveness of a solar cell or system.
Degradation
Gradual power loss of solar modules over their operating lifetime, typically 0.3--0.5% per year.
Bypass Diode
Protective component in a solar module that routes current around shaded cells to prevent power loss and hot spots.
Monocrystalline
Solar cell type made from single-crystal silicon with high efficiency and a characteristically dark, uniform surface.